Question Papers Essay Example

Question Papers Essay Model Question Paper Subject Code: BC 0058 Subject Name: Data Warehouse Credits: 4 Marks: 140 Part A (One mark questions) 1. When a large number of transactions are taken and stored to be dealt with at a later time without the presence of a user, the process is known as †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. a. OLTP system b. batch processing. c. Data warehousing d. None of the above. 2. OLTP stands for a. Online Transaction Processing b. Offline Transaction Processing c. Online Transfer Process d. Offline Transfer Process 3. Who is the Father of Data Warehouse? a. Michael Reed b. Bill Inmon c. Ralph Kimball d. Dr. Rakesh Agarwal. 4. Which is not a type of data warehouse. a. Federated Data warehouse b. Distributed Data warehouse c. Real time Data warehouse d. Subject oriented Data warehouse 5. Which is not a Key Issue during data warehouse construction. a. Values and expectations. b. Risk assessment. c. a b both d. None of the above 6. The _____approach is to start by building individual data marts one by one. a. Top down b. Bottom up c. best-of-breed d. None of the above 7. _________ is known worldwide as an innovator, writer, educator, speaker and consultant in the field of Data Warehousing. a. Michael Reed b. Bill Inmon c. Ralph Kimball d. Dr. Rakesh Agarwal 8. With the ___________ approach, compatibility among the tools from different vendors could become a serious problem a. Top down b. Bottom up c. best-of-breed d. None of the above 9. The structure that brings all the components of a Data Warehouse together is known as the†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. a. Organization b. Architecture c. System d. structure 10. Which data is supported by different database systems and operating systems and is the data from many vertical applications. a. Production Data b. Internal Data c. External Data d. Archived Data 11. We will write a custom essay sample on Question Papers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Question Papers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Question Papers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Which applications are knowledge discovery systems where the algorithms help you discover trends and patterns from the usage of your data. a. Ad hoc b. MD analysis c. Data-mining d. EIS Feed 12. A __________ is a repository of data gathered from operational data and other sources that is designed to serve a particular community of knowledge workers . a. Data-Mining b. Data Mart c. Metadata d. Data warehouse 13. Which Data Model describes data from a high level. a. Logical b. Physical c. External d. Conceptual 14. Which technique is a discipline used to illuminate the microscopic relationships among data elements. . Dimensional Modeling b. Star schema c. E-R modeling d. Data warehousing 15. The main purpose of ER modeling is a. To improve analysis for decision making b. To remove redundancy c. To record historical data d. All the above 16. Dimension modeling is represented using a. Snow-flake schema b. Star schema c. Fact constellation d. Granularity schema 17. Data extraction, transf ormation, and loading encompass the areas of data acquisition and ______ a. Data loss b. Data regain c. data storage. d. Data transfer 18. ________ presupposes a selection process and select the needed data based on the user requirements. . Data extraction b. Data transformation c. Data loading d. data storage 19. _______ implies physical movement of the data from the computer storing the source database to that which will store the data warehouse database, assuming it is different. a. Extraction b. Transformation c. Loading d. Storing 20. Which of the following is not the type of data loading a. Initial Load b. Incremental Load c. Full Refresh d. decremental load 21. The state of completeness, validity, consistency, timeliness and accuracy makes data appropriate for a specific use. a. Data warehouse b. Data mining c. Data quality d. Data mart 22. ____refers to the methods of automatically identifying objects, collecting data about them and entering data into the data warehouse a. Data capture b. Data Integration c. Data Profiling d. Data Cleansing 23. Which is not a popular OLAP tool a. Business Objects b. Cognos c. SAS/OLAP Studio d. None of the above 24. Data stored by operational systems, such as point-of-sales, are in types of databases called ____ a. ERP b. Supply chain management c. Online Transaction Processing. d. Customer relationship management 25. A data model consists of a. Structural part b. Manipulative part c. Set of integrity rules d. All the above 26. ______is a process of modeling and formalizing data requirements is an intrinsic part of the database design process. a. Data modeling b. Data extraction c. Data integration d. Data distribution 27. RAID stands for a. Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks b. Redundant Application of Integrated Data c. Reduced Application of Inexpensive Data d. Reduced Application of Integrated Disks 28. According to Ralph Kimball, Back-room metadata guides: 1. Extraction 2. Cleaning 3. Loading processes a. 1,2 only b. ,2 only c. 1,2,3 all d. 2,3 only 29. Which is not an example of Technical Metadata. a. hardware details b. software details c. Query response time details d. system configuration details 30. In ETL process all the records in the _________ that should be brought into the data warehouse actually are extracted into the data warehouse. a. Destination system b. source system c. Data system d. user system 31. _ ____ Testing ensure that the ETL Process functions well with other upstream and downstream processes. a. Unit b. Regression c. Performance d. Integration 32. UAT stands for a. Unit Acceptance Technique b. User Acceptance Testing c. Unique Acceptance Testing d. Union Acceptance Technique 33. ______ is a technique of extracting the hidden predictive information from large databases. a. Data Mining b. Data warehousing c. Data extraction d. Data transformation 34. Which of the following is not a technique of data mining: a. Artificial Neural Networks b. Decision Trees c. Genetic Algorithms d. chinese postman problem algorithm 35. CART stands for a. Chisquare Automatic and Regression Testing b. Classification and Regression Trees c. Credit-card Automatic Route Transfer d. Chisquare Algorithm Regression Testing 36. ______ provides tools for searching, sorting, filtering and drilling down enabling previously complex data models to be viewed intuitively through real-time 3-D graphical representation a. Intelligent Miner b. Enterprise Miner c. MineSet d. Clementine 37. Which of the following is not a tool of data mining a. MineSet b. Intelligent Miner c. Weka3 d. Redbrick 38. A ______ Web house is a single most important tool for identifying, prioritizing, and retaining e-commerce customers. a. click stream b. Data stream c. Design stream d. rag stream 39. When you bring your data warehouse to the web, from the point of view of the users,then which of the following is not the key requirement for the same: a. self-service data access b. interactive analysis c. low availability and performance d. zero-administration client 40. _______which provides low-cost transmission of information, and exchange information with anyone within or outside the company. a. I ntranet b. Extranet c. Internet d. user net Part B (Two mark questions) 41. State whether the following statement is true or false for Data warehouse and OLTP 1. A Data Warehouse (DW), is a database that is designed for facilitating querying and analysis. 2. OLAP system is designed to be read-optimized. a. 1-T , 2-F b. 1-F , 2-T c. 1-F , 2-F d. 1-T , 2-T 42. A Data Warehouse is a relational database that is designed for †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. a. Process and transaction b. Query and analysis c. Searching and selection d. Searching and sorting 43. State whether the following statement is true or false for the differences between OLTP and Data Warehouse projects. 1. The Data Warehouse record transactions in real time and aims to automate the clerical data entry processes of a business entity. 2. The OLTP database does not cater to real time operational requirements of the enterprise. a. 1-T , 2-F b. 1-F , 2-T c. 1-F , 2-F d. 1-T , 2-T 44. What are the vital areas in data warehouse development life cycle â€Å" 1. Warehouse management 2. Data management 3. Project management a. Only 1, 2 b. Only 1, 3 c. Only 2 ,3 d. All the above 45. What are the components of data warehouse architecture 1. Source Data Component 2. Data Staging Component 3. Data Storage Component a. Only 1, 2 b. Only 1, 3 c. Only 2 ,3 d. All the above 46. There are three staged archival methods, so arrange these methods in to the appropriate sequence. . Recent data is archived to a separate archival database that may still be online. 2. The oldest data is archived to tape cartridges or microfilm and even kept off-site. 3. The older data is archived to flat files on disk storage. a. 1,2,3 b. 2,3,1 c. 3,2,1 d. 1,3,2 47. State whether the following statements are true or false for fact table: 1. Fact Table is m ade up of two or more foreign keys. 2. Fact table always expresses a one-to-many relationship. a. 1-T,2-T b. 1-T,2-F c. 1-F,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 48. The process of turning ________ into _________ is called archiving. a. archived redo log files, redo log files b. Flat files, dump files c. redo log files, archived redo log files d. dump files, Flat files 49. Arrange the functional steps of ETL into an appropriate sequence. 1. Filtering for refreshes and incremental loads 2. Triggering for incremental changes 3. Data extraction 4. Transformation 5. Integration 6. Cleansing 7. Applying to the Data Warehouse database. a. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 b. 1,3,2,6,5,4,7 c. 2,1,5,4,3,6,7 d. 7,6,5,4,3,2,1 50. _____and ______tools are available to translate the data from one platform to another, and populate the Data Warehouse. a. Statistical Analysis System, Informatics b. Oracle 10g Warehouse builder, MySAP c. Data Extraction, loading d. SAP BI, Oracle 10g 51. State whether the following statements are true or false for CMM levels. 1. At level 3, companies can begin to predict future IT implementation performance. 2. At level 4, IT best practices are documented and performed throughout the enterprise. a. 1-T,2-F b. 1-F,2-T c. 1-T,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 52. State whether the following statements are true or false: 1. ROLAP technology tends to have greater scalability than MOLAP technology 2. MOLAP technology tends to have greater scalability than ROLAP technology a. 1-T,2-F b. -T,2-T c. 1-F,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 53. State whether the following statements are true or false for characteristics of OLAP 1. An OLAP system typically adopts either a star or snowflake model and a subject oriented database design. 2. OLAP systems are not market-oriented. a. 1-T,2-F b. 1-T,2-T c. 1-F,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 54. State True(T) or False(F). 1. RAID 0 provides data stripping 2. RAID 1 prov ides block level stripping a. 1–F, 2–F b. 1–F, 2–T c. 1–T, 2–F d. 1–T, 2–T 55. Design metadata consists of 1. Schema definition 2. Source tables 3. ETL information a. Only 1 and 2 b. Only 1 and 3 c. Only 2 and 3 d. Only 1 6. The tools of metadata management are 1. Erwin data modeler 2. Ablnitio EME 3. Pentaho Metadata 4. Microsoft repository a. Only 2 and 4 b. Only 1 and 2 c. Only 3 and 4 d. All of the above 57. ________ and _______ensures that data loads and queries perform within expected time frames and that the technical architecture is scalable. a. Performance, Scalability Testing b. Unit, Regression Testing c. Integration, Requirements Testing d. None of the above 58. State whether the following statement is true or false: 1. Regression testing is revalidation of existing functionality with each new release of code. . UAT typically focuses on data loaded to the Data Warehouse and any views that have been created on top of the tables. a. 1-T,2-F b. 1-T,2-T c. 1-F,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 59. State whether the following statements are true or false: 1. Data Mining is user driven approach not data driven approach. 2. Prediction is the other aspect of Data Mining. a. 1-T,2-F b. 1-T,2-T c. 1-F,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 60. Which of the following are the useful informations of Web house: 1. Site statistics 2. Visitor conversions 3. Referring partner links 4. Site navigation resulting in orders 5. Site navigation not resulting in orders a. Only 1, 2, 3 b. .Only 1,2,3,4 c. All 1, 2,3,4,5 d. Only 1,2,3,5 Part C (Four mark questions) 61. Match the following for the functionality of data warehousing. Set A A. Roll-up B. Drill-down C. Pivot D. Slice and Dice E. Selection Set B 1. Data is summarized with increased generalization. 2. Cross tabulation that is, rotation is performed. 3. Increasing levels of detail are revealed. 4. Data is available by value or range. 5. Performing projection operations on the dimensions. a. A-1 , B-2 , C-3 , D-4, E-5 b. A-5 , B-4 , C-3 , D-2, E-1 c. A-1 , B-3 , C-2 , D-5, E-4 d. A-2 , B-1 , C-4 , D-3, E-5 62. State whether the following statements are true or false for Data warehouse 1. Data Warehouse contains data for information purpose. 2. Data Warehouse is a store house of historical data. 3. In Data Warehouse, the requirements are gathered area wise. a. 1-T, 2-T, 3-T b. 1-T, 2-T, 3-T c. 1-F, 2-T, 3-F d. 1-T, 2-T, 3-T 63. Fill in the blank 1. The Data Warehouse functions as a Decision Support System and an 2. The tool will host a meta data repository. 3. A DW architecture is a system that is composed of multiple architectures. . 1- Executive Information System, 2- ETL, 3 Federated b. 1- ETL, 2- Executive Information System, 3 Federated c. 1- Executive Information System, 2-Federated , 3 ETL d. 1- Federated, 2- ETL, 3 Executive Information System 64. What are the characteristics of fact table in star schema? 1. Concatenated key 2. Data grain 3. Fully additive measure 4. Factfull fact table 5. Semi additive measure 6. Table is wide a. 1, 2, 3, 6 only b. 1,2,3,4 only c. 1, 2, 4, 6 only d. 1, 2, 3, 5 only 65. Fill in the blanks. 1. ________ a type of application of data is similar to the initial load. . ________ is the application of ongoing changes from the source systems. 3. ________populating all the Data Warehouse tables for the very first time. a. 1- full refresh, 2- Incremental Load, 3-Initial Load b. 1- Incremental Load, 2-full refresh , 3-Initial Load c. 1- Initial Load, 2- Incremental Load, 3-full refresh d. 1- Incremental Load, 2- Initial Load, 3- full refresh 66. Match the following: 1. Level 0 – a. Performed Informally 2. Level 1 – b. Not Performed 3. Level 2 – c. Well-Defined 4. Level 3 – d. Planned and Tracked 5. Level 4 – e. Quantitatively Controlled 6. Level 5 – f. Continuously Improving a. 1-b,2-a,3-d,4-c,5-e,6-f b. 1-a, 2-b,3-d,4-c,5-e,6-f c. 1-c,2-b,3-a,4-d,5-f,6-e d. 1-f,2-a,3-d,4-c,5-b,6-e 67. Rearrange the following steps in OLAP creation process 1. Transform and standardize data 2. Build cubes 3. Produce reports 4. Extract data 5. Import to OLAP database a. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 b. 1, 4, 5, 2, 3 c. 4, 1, 5, 2, 3 d. 5, 3, 2, 1, 4 68. Match the following sets Set -1 1. RAID 0 2. RAID 1 3. RAID 0+1 4. RAID 5 Set-2 a. Data Stripping b. Shadowing/Mirroring / Duplexing c. Striping and Mirroring d. block-level striping a. 1-a,2-b,3-c,4-d b. 1-b,2-a,3-c,4-d c. -a,2-b,3-d,4-c d. 1-d,2-c,3-b,4-a 69. Match the following sets Set -1 1. Design Metadata 2. Population Metadata 3. Administrative Metadata Set-2 a. ETL information, sources and interface details b. Schema definition, source tables, and views. c. Access rights, protocols, physical location. a. 1-a,,2-b,3-c b. 1-b,2-a,3-c c. 1-c,2-b,3-a d. 1-b,2-c,3-a 70. Which of the following are not the parts of Unit testing: 1. Whether ETLs are accessing and picking up right data from right source. 2. Sequence of ETLs jobs in batch. 3. Testing the rejected records that don’t fulfill transformation rules. 4. Checking the source system connectivity. 5. Dependency and sequencing. 6. Error log generation. a. 1,2,3 only b. 2,4,5 only c. 2,5,6 only d. 2,3,6 only 71. Arrange the decision support progress of data mining steps in the appropriate sequence. 1. Database systems 2. File based systems 3. OLAP systems 4. Data warehouses 5. Data mining applications a. 1, 2,3,4,5 b. 5, 4,3,2,1 c. 2, 1,4,3,5 d. 3, 2,4,5,1 72. The clickstream data enables analysis of different measures like:– 1. Customer demand 2. Demographic data collection 3. Site statistics 4. Feedback on website design 5. Customer buying patterns 6. Effectiveness of marketing promotions a. 1, 2, 3, 4 only b. 1, 2,4,5,6 only c. 1, 2,3,4,5 only d. 4, 5, 6 only 73. State whether the following statements are true or false for features of the data Web house 1. It is a fully distributed system. as Kimball would say, there is no center to the data Web house. 2. It is a Web-enabled system; it is beyond a client/server system. 3. The Web does not support to the data types including textual, numeric, graphical, photographic, audio, video, and more. 4. The Web sleeps for some time. a. 1-F,2-T,3-F,4-F b. 1-T,2-T,3-F,4-F c. 1-F,2-F,3-F,4-T d. 1-F,2-F,3-T,4-T 4. Match the following two sets correctly Set–I a. MineSet b. Clementine c. DMMiner d. Intelligent Miner Set–II 1. DBMiner technology inc. 2. SPSS Inc. integral solutions 3. IBM Corp 4. Silicon Graphics Inc–SGI a. a–4, b–3, c–2, d–1 b. a–4, b–2, c–1, d–3 c. a–2, b–3, c–4, d–1 d. aâ₠¬â€œ4, b–2, c–3, d–1 75. Match the following two sets correctly Set–I a. Disk mirroring b. Disk striping c. Parity checking d. Disk duplexing Set–II 1. Writing the same data to two disk drives connected to the same controller 2. Each disk has its own distinct controller 3. Ensures correct transmission of data 4. Data spread across multiple disks by sectors a. a–3, b–1, c–2, d–4 b. a–1, b–2, c–3, d–4 c. a–1, b–4, c–3, d–2 d. a–2, b–4, c–3, d–1 Answer Keys Part A Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ans. Key B A B D D B C C B A C B D C B B C A C D Q. No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Ans. Key C A D C D A A C C B D B A D B C D A C C Q. No. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Part B Ans. Key D B C A D D B C C C D A A C A D A B C C Q. No. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Part C Ans. Key C C A D A A C A B C C B B B C

Creative Business Planning for Writers

Creative Business Planning for Writers Samantha graduated from her writing program several years ago. With high marks and big dreams, she found herself working a department store instead. On some nights she compensated Writers like Samantha usually diagnose the problem as a lack of creativity. Little do they know that dreams arent always fueled Creative writers often overlook the value of a business plan. They believe its all about money and dont want to get involved with the facts and figures of it. They shy away from financial planning because its considered too left-brained for the artist. But even the simplest career layout will do. Not all big dreams have to start with dramatic origins. Basic preparation can make a big difference. With a little time and effort, small, but specific plans can transform writing ambiguity into a clearer sense of success. Good planning will mitigate self-doubt which, in turn, could minimize distractions. Setback wont turn into months of procrastination. A handy overview, such as a business plan, keeps a writer on track and financially stable in the long run. Here are four specific examples to show how the elements of a simple business plan could help Samantha – and writers like her – move towards success: (1)    A business plan enhances self-image. Every business plan contains an executive summary which defines the endeavor. Writers could use this statement to define a sharper self-image which will bolster self-confidence and enthusiasm. (2)    A business plan encourages social connections. A good plan helps determine how you will market to  potential mentors and publications alike. It defines your social circle too. A writer isnt born overnight and certainly not alone. Support is essential for success. A business plan challenges the writer to define which influences and niche excites her the most as well as where to focus her work. (3)    A business plan doubles as a funding manual. A writing aspiration needs real money to back it up. It is a sign of commitment and self-trust. A writer willing to budget for dreams will show that shes willing to walk the walk and talk the talk. Whether it be for contests, paper clips or new software, writers stand a better chance when they have money to spend. It not only makes sense for the pocketbook, it keeps the writers ego alive and healthy too. (4)    A business plan marks important dates and deadlines. A writer is nothing without her deadlines. Procrastination runs rampant in the community and following up on ones goals is crucial to success. A business plan gives a birds-eye view of what needs to be done and at what time. A writer in control is a strong writer; she will be focused during tough times and wiser during good ones. Creative writers, like Samantha, arent always the first to admit theyre in business. But the art needs to be supported Samantha doesnt have to waste time any more. She can set down a simple business plan which will transform her attitude and goals towards a real path towards success. Without doubt, opportunities await her prepared mind.

Germans in the American Revolution

Germans in the American Revolution As Britain fought its rebel American colonists during the American Revolutionary War, it struggled to provide troops for all the theaters it was engaged in. Pressures from France and Spain stretched the small and understrength British army, and as recruits took time to try, this forced the government to explore different sources of men. It was common in the eighteenth century for ‘auxiliary’ forces from one state to fight for another in return for payment, and the British had made heavy use of such arrangements in the past. After trying, but failing, to secure 20,000 Russian troops, an alternative option was using Germans. German Auxiliaries Britain had experience in using troops from the many different German states, especially in creating the Anglo-Hanoverian army during the Seven Years War. Initially, troops from Hanover- connected to Britain by the bloodline of their king- were placed on duty in the Mediterranean islands so their garrisons of regular troops could go to America. By the end of 1776, Britain had agreements in place with six German states to provide auxiliaries, and as most came from Hesse-Cassel, they were often referred to en masse as Hessians, although they were recruited from all across Germany. Nearly 30,000 Germans served in this way during the span of the war, which included both normal line regiments and the elite, and often in demand, Jgers. Between 33–37% of the British manpower in the US during the war was German. In his analysis of the military side of the war, Middlekauff described the possibility of Britain fighting the war without Germans as â€Å"unthinkable†. The German troops ranged greatly in effectiveness and ability. One British commander said the troops from Hesse-Hanau were basically unprepared for the war, while the Jgers were feared by the rebels and praised by the British. However, the actions of some Germans in plundering- allowing the rebels, who also plundered, a major propaganda coup which caused exaggeration for centuries- further reinforced the considerable numbers of Britons and Americans angry that mercenaries were being used. American anger at the British for bringing in mercenaries was reflected in Jefferson’s first draft of the Declaration of Independence: â€Å"At this very time too they are permitting their chief magistrate to send over not only soldiers of our common blood but Scotch and foreign mercenaries to invade and destroy us.† Despite this, rebels tried frequently to persuade the Germans to defect, even offering them land. The Germans at War The campaign of 1776, the year the Germans arrived, encapsulates the German experience: successful in battles around New York but made infamous as failures for their loss at the Battle of Trenton, when Washington won a victory vital for rebel morale after the German commander had neglected to build defenses. Indeed, the Germans fought in many places across the US during the war, although there was a tendency, later on, to sideline them as garrisons or just raiding troops. They are chiefly remembered, unfairly, for both Trenton and the assault on the fort at Redbank in 1777, which failed due to a mixture of ambition and faulty intelligence. Indeed, Atwood has identified Redwood as the point at which German enthusiasm for the war began to fade. Germans were present in the early campaigns at New York, and they were also present at the end in Yorktown. Intriguingly, at one point, Lord Barrington advised the British king to offer Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, the commander of the Anglo-Hanoverian army of the Seven Years War, the post of commander in chief. This was tactfully rejected. Germans Among the Rebels There were Germans on the rebels side among many other nationalities. Some of these were foreign nationals who had volunteered as individuals or small groups. One notable figure was a buccaneering mercenary and Prussian drill master- Prussia was regarded as having one of the premier European armies- who worked with the continental forces. He was (American) Major-General von Steuben. In addition, the French army which landed under Rochambeau included a unit of Germans, the Royal Deux-Ponts Regiment, sent to try and attract deserters from the British mercenaries.   The American colonists included large numbers of Germans, many of whom had initially been encouraged by William Penn to settle Pennsylvania, as he deliberately tried to attract Europeans who felt persecuted. By 1775, at least 100,000 Germans had entered the colonies, making up a third of Pennsylvania. This stat is cited from Middlekauff, who believed in their abilities so much he called them â€Å"the best farmers in the colonies† However, many of the Germans tried to avoid service in the war - some even supported the loyalist caused – but Hibbert is able to refer to a unit of German immigrants who fought for the US forces at Trenton – while Atwood records that â€Å"the troops of Steuben and Muhlenberg in the American army† at Yorktown were German.Sources:  Kennett,  The French Forces in America, 1780–1783, p. 22-23Hibbert, Redcoats and Rebels, p. 148Atwood, the Hessians, p. 142Marston,  The American Revolution, p. 20Atwood,  The Hessians, p. 257Middlekauff,  The Glorious Cause, p. 62Middlekauff,  The Glorious Cause, p. 335Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause, p. 34-5

Employment Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Employment Relations - Essay Example The paper will be based on Harvard HRM model including situational factors; stakeholder interests; HRM policy choices; HR outcomes and long-term consequences. Situational factors for analysis include workers, business strategy, management philosophy, task technology and societal factors. In IMB Australia employment relationship demands increased recognition of the professional qualities of the autonomous worker, which poses problems of incompatibility with an employment contract built upon subordination. Pay is determined by time worked, whilst idle time due to poor organization and absenteeism is reduced. In IBM Australia task characteristics is affected by broader managerial philosophies. The adoption of new managerial policies of human resource management is important in this respect. At one level, a concern for human resources implies investment in training and in the skills of employees. For instance, in 2005 26,4% of the budget ($ 48, 706M) was spent on training and development of employees and 48% was spend on outsourcing (FYI. IBM Global services, n.d.). Further, given the costs of training for employees using new and complex equipment, there is a strong incentive to provide conditions of employment which reduced turnover. The use of advanced technologies tends to be accompanied by greater job security and generally more favorable terms of employment. IMB Australia seeks to bind employee commitment over the longer term by providing extensive fringe benefits and developing internal labor markets that give good opportunities for advancement up a highly stratified promotion ladde r (Arrowsmith & Sisson 2001). Equally important, to the extent that it involves the decentralization of decision-making to employees, whether as individuals or through forms of team decision-making, it is expected to encourage the growth of task discretion and autonomy which has been shown to be so important in employee satisfaction and

Blood composition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Blood composition - Essay Example The latter are responsible for giving rise to the blood cells. The mixed myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into the colony forming units (CFU), which ultimately give rise to a particular type of the blood cell. Erythroid cells form the red blood cells which are responsible for carrying hemoglobin and transport oxygen. The white blood cells include monocytes and granulocytes. Monocytes circulate in the blood for some time and then migrate to the tissues to take part in the inflammatory reactions. Three types of granulocytes circulate in the blood, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. Neutrophils are the most common among the three. They serve to protect against the infections as they recognize and destroy the foreign antigens. Eosinophils account for 1-6% of the circulating WBCs and are responsible for eliciting allergic reactions and also fight against Platyhelminthes and protozoa. Basophils are involved in hypersensitivity reactions by interacting with IgE antibody. Platelet s arise from megakaryocytes and after activation form fibrin plugs to control abnormal

Organizational and Management Theories

Organizational and Management Theories Introduction: Organizational behavior is the backbone of any business. It is used to study about the internal character and the external character of the people in the firm. Organizational behaviour is the study of how individuals and groups perform together within an organization. It focuses effectively on managing individuals, groups, organizations, and processes (Steven Stralser, 2004). Organizational behavior is convenient shorthand that refers to the numerous interrelated influences on and patterns of behaviour of people within organizations. (Porter, Lawler and Hackman) The culture of the organization can be measured in the terms of the individuals, group as well as from the whole organization. So for the purpose of analyzing the factors that affect the organization we need to analyze the factors that will affect the character of the individual, group as well as the whole organization. The organization will run in different ways inside. Most of the times this is formal and sometimes this is informal as well. Most of the problems residing in the company are based on the interpersonal problems. To over come the problems within the employees the company has managed to come up with few ideas. Understanding Organizational Behavior Evolution of management: Classical organization theory evolved during the first half of this century. It represents the merger of scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. (David S. Walonick, Ph.D.) Scientific approach of management: (1) (2) The scientific management was formulated by Frederick Winslow Taylor (often called Taylorism) in the years of late 19th century in order to increase the productivity in the firm. His theory had four basic principles: 1) find the one best way to perform each task, 2) carefully match each worker to each task, 3) closely supervise workers, and use reward and punishment as motivators, and 4) the task of management is planning and control. Most of the principles are applicable to almost all the organizations and it was widely accepted by the firms in that time. The main objective that stands with this theorem is to gain economic growth by improving the labor productivity. All the things needed to increase the productivity of the firm had been included in this theorem. Taylor noticed most of the problems with the workers in terms of the intelligence, creativity, talent, motivation, skills and more. These differences are the main reason for the low productivity in the firm. Taylor was a lathe operator and foreman. The scientific approach developed by the Taylor is the first to use the science to weigh the value of the individual workers. He said that taking the decisions of the industry just by the wish of the decision maker and the thumb rule should be omitted and the importance should be given more to the careful study of the process of taking the decision. More analysis has to be done before taking any kind of decisio n. It created new era in the late 19th century and the early 20th century. Most of the firms in those days accepted the theorem as the new way to increase the productivity rather than taking the decisions by using the old imposed methods. The Taylors theorem was first coined as the term shop management or process management. Later it was changed to the name scientific management. This method is implemented in most of the firms to reduce the wastage of the resources and increasing the productivity in the company. Most of the industries in those days were based on product development. There were fewer firms based on the services oriented. So it was well applicable to those time period/ but later it was falling in the negative side, as it was giving more importance to the part of improving the productivity that the human value. For example, during one of Taylors own implementations, a strike at the Watertown Arsenal led to an investigation of Taylors methods by a U.S. House of Representatives committee, which reported in 1912. The conclusion was that scientific management did provide some useful techniques and offered valuable organizational suggestions, but it gave production managers a dangerously high level of uncontrolled power. After an attitude survey of the workers revealed a high level of resentment and hostility towards scientific management, the Senate banned Taylors methods at the arsenal. (3) Certainly Taylorisms negative effects on worker morale only added more fuel to the fire of existing labor-management conflict, which frequently raged out of control between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries. Thus it inevitably contributed to the strengthening of labor unions, which was the opposite of any of Taylors own hopes for labor relations. That outcome neutralized most or all of the benefit of any productivity gains that Taylorism had achieved. Thus its net benefit to owners and management ended up being small or negative. It would take new efforts, borrowing some ideas from Taylorism but mixing them with others, to produce a winning formula. Classical theory of management: The classical theory of management has done most of its work on the flow of the control and the decision making capacity in an organization. It splits the organization into three levels based on the power they are having in changing the firm with their decisions. They are classified as top level management, middle level management, and Low level management. The top level management comprises of the directors and other board members who have the authority to take the decisions of the firm by themselves. In might include any acquisitions to be made, opening new departments, expanding in the international markets, applying innovations to create a new product, closing productivity of existing products etc. All the strategies that are going to affect the firm in a major aspect will have its birth from the table of the top level management. The middle level management is the supervisors who carry the decisions made by the top level to the bottom level. The middle level management is there to manage the decisions taken and to process those things to split the work among the different personnel across the organization. The low level persons are the real workers of the firm. They are the ones who execute the plans and the decisions of the top level management and the middle level management. These bottom line workers are the labors who were working for the hourly wage or sometimes as contractors. Most of the individuals in this level are low thinkers and capable of doing things they got expertise in. Hawthorne studies: (4) The Hawthorne effect an increase in worker productivity produced by the psychological stimulus of being singled out and made to feel important. Along with Frederick Taylors work, this study gave rise to the field known as Industrial Psychology as social group influences and interpersonal factors must also be considered when performing efficiency research such as time and motion studies. The major finding of the study was that almost regardless of the experimental manipulation employed, the production of the workers seemed to improve. One reasonable conclusion is that the workers were pleased to receive attention from the researchers who expressed an interest in them. The study was only expected to last one year, but because the researchers were set back each time they tried to relate the manipulated physical conditions to the workers efficiency, the project extended out to five years. Four general conclusions were drawn from the Hawthorne studies: The aptitudes of individuals are imperfect predictors of job performance. Although they give some indication of the physical and mental potential of the individual, the amount produced is strongly influenced by social factors. Informal organization affects productivity. The Hawthorne researchers discovered a group life among the workers. The studies also showed that the relations that supervisors develop with workers tend to influence the manner in which the workers carry out directives. Work-group norms affect productivity. The Hawthorne researchers were not the first to recognize that work groups tend to arrive at norms of what is a fair days work; however, they provided the best systematic description and interpretation of this phenomenon. The workplace is a social system. The Hawthorne researchers came to view the workplace as a social system made up of interdependent parts. Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs Abraham Maslow developed a theory of personality that has influenced a number of different fields, including education. This wide influence is due in part to the high level of practicality of Maslows theory. This theory accurately describes many realities of personal experiences. Maslow has set up a hierarchy of five levels of basic needs. Beyond these needs, higher levels of needs exist. These include needs for understanding, esthetic appreciation and purely spiritual needs. In the levels of the five basic needs, the person does not feel the second need until the demands of the first have been satisfied or the third until the second has been satisfied, and so on. Maslows basic needs are as follows: Physiological Needs These are biological needs. They consist of needs for oxygen, food, water, and a relatively constant body temperature. They are the strongest needs because if a person were deprived of all needs, the physiological ones would come first in the persons search for satisfaction. Safety Needs When all physiological needs are satisfied and are no longer controlling thoughts and behaviours, the needs for security can become active. Adults have little awareness of their security needs except in times of emergency or periods of disorganization in the social structure (such as widespread rioting). Children often display the signs of insecurity and the need to be safe. Needs of Love, Affection and Belongingness When the needs for safety and for physiological well-being are satisfied, the next class of needs for love, affection and belongingness can emerge. Maslow states that people seek to overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation. This involves both giving and receiving love, affection and the sense of belonging. Needs for Esteem When the first three classes of needs are satisfied, the needs for esteem can become dominant. These involve needs for both self-esteem and for the esteem a person gets from others. Humans have a need for a stable, firmly based, high level of self-respect, and respect from others. When these needs are satisfied, the person feels self-confident and valuable as a person in the world. When these needs are frustrated, the person feels inferior, weak, helpless and worthless. Needs for Self-Actualization When all of the foregoing needs are satisfied, then and only then are the needs for self-actualization activated. Maslow describes self-actualization as a persons need to be and do that which the person was born to do. However, it is not always clear what a person wants when there is a need for self-actualization. (from Psychology The Search for Understanding by Janet A. Simons, Donald B. Irwin and Beverly A. Drinnien West Publishing Company, New York, 1987) The hierarchic theory is often represented as a pyramid, with the larger, lower levels representing the lower needs, and the upper point representing the need for self-actualization as below: The above theories give rise to the necessity of Human relations and team dynamics which play a major role in the successful performance of a company. Human Relations: (5) Human relations can be defined as the cordial atmosphere in an organization in which people practice the art of living in such a way that they communicate, act, interact and transact in a cordial manner recognizing each others needs, views, values and temperaments so that every interaction and transaction which takes place in an organization would have concern for each others interests and feelings leading to better motivation and morale of people at all levels in the organization. The business organizations of today, and days to come, must employ and manage educated and enlightened human beings in their work force, in place of traditional, illiterate and less ambitious man power. Team dynamics: (6) Team Dynamics are the unseen forces that operate in a team between different people or groups. Team Dynamics can strongly influence how a team reacts, behaves or performs, and the effects of team dynamics are often very complex. It is the responsibility of the manager to look into the group regarding the communication issues. The managers have to make sure that there are no personal disputes in the group and the communication mode is perfect in making the decisions within the group. And the authority given for a person is used in the right way and has never been misused. The responsibility to make sure that the ideas of any individuals are freely opening in the group resides with the manager. The group is made of individual characters. Hence the dispute between any two of the characters will lead to the destruction of the whole team. The team is made up of different people, different gender, from different location so they have to develop the skills to learn from each other. They should find the opportunity in the difficult times. Thats the real way to learn the things. People from different location can learn each others way of living, way of habit, their cultures and more. Even there may be difference in t he way of learning. So, all the things will be helpful in a team. The size of the team will also sometimes influence the way of attraction or the way that is causing the dispute between people. If the size of the team is too small in a single digit, then managing that group is somewhat easier than the other. Some of the people in a group will actively participate in all the works of the group. But others used to avoid such things. They wont actively participate in the team events. Some of the positive aspects about the team dynamics are as follows: This drags others in the team to get into the discussion, So that the team friendliness increases. Will increases the social feel to the group and the people start taking the things at ease. Remove their hesitation to play and having fun with other. And that kind of friendship asks them to be more informal and make their minds free of the stress. So the people will not have to expect the motivation and encouragement from any of the formal persons or through the beneficiary acts. Their team members are there to please them at the needed time. But it has some negative effects too. If two people were friends in a group, then the other people might find it difficult to get between them. So eventually there will be two sub groups. Most of the information passed through these groups is not passed to other group. Social culture within them gets spoiled and the people are not actively participating in each others activities. The decision making of the group is to be done without the intervention of one of the groups. The miscommunication within the team will lead to the poor performance from that team. At the time of problem the members of the group have to find the solutions as a team. This will reduce the processing time of the problems as well as bring out lots of alternative solutions for a single problem. Likewise the solution may be innovative and smart and sometime it will reduce the amount of resource we need to reduce. Thus it reduces the cost of implementing the solution. Let us consider an example to understand team dynamics: Suppose in a small team of six people working in one office there are two people who have a particularly strong friendship. This friendship is a natural force that may have an influence on the rest of the team, and can be manifest in various ways, either positively or negatively. The positive effect of a strong friendship in a team might be: The friends communicate a lot together which naturally results in other members being drawn into the discussion which results in a good social feel to the group which makes people enjoy being in the group which improves motivation and commitment The negative effect of a strong friendship might be: To cause the other four people to feel excluded which means they are less likely to include the two friends in decision making which means that there are likely to be two sub-groups which means that information may not flow across the whole group, but only within the subgroups which means that miscommunication may lead to misunderstanding and poor collective performance Case Study: To discuss the organizational structure and its patterns lets look into the following case study on Wipro Technologies Wipro Technologies is one of the largest IT services firm in India that has been started in the year of 1985, by Azim Premji. The Wipro Technologies is the subsidiary of Wipro limited started first as the company that produced the sunflower oil and 787 laundry soap. The IT services of the Wipro are being providing its services to the companies in Europe, America, Japan and almost all the parts of the world. The company majorly operates in three segments such as Global services India and Asia pacific services Consumer care and lightning The company is having it services in almost all the parts of the business such as health care, insurance, banking, military, hospital, mobile, finance, media, business management and more. The services provided by the Wipro are as database management, customer relationship management, business consulting, business intelligence, network management, testing services, enterprise application development, security applications and more. Wipro is one of the IT firms that is giving importance to the innovations of the tag line Wipro Applying Thought Wipro is having more than 40 centers of excellence that provide solutions to the number of industries across the nation. With its unmatched business solutions through the process excellence, service delivery innovations innovation, Wipro is the first company to receive the CMMI level 5 in the software services company. And also to receive the IEEE software process award by a company that is outside of the United States. Wipro has strong faith in the innovation and according to them the innovation will act as a significant partner in developing the business and achieving high goals. The top management of the Wipro was keen in looking for the innovation within the organizations. The top management believes that to become top most in the IT servicing firms, it has to make lots of changes in the innovative way. Some of the innovations made within the company as per the recent trends are introduction of home networking, wireless communications and workplace collaboration. Wipro is the first company to make the multiprocessor systems in India and making mini computer along with the compiler that was written in India. In the later years the company made its step into the IT related services. By the years of 1990s it became one of the notable firm in providing the IT related services. After the Infosys and the Tata consultancy services, Wipro is the major software exporter of India. After globalization started making impact on the world market, the IT service providing in India got a boom. Wipro was one among them to take their ship in that wave and was successful eventually. However, just like any other organizations, Wipro has its own flaws and was not an exception, where the employees face the same challenges as any other IT firm would face. Below are some of the common problems faced by the individuals in a software firm: Benching: Whenever the software industry is in need to get the status of the multi national company they will have to show some internal status to get that MNC grade. For that they have to implement their offices for development as well as marketing in other nations also. Likewise they have to show the certain number of employees working in their company. Accordingly, more than the required number of employees will be employed for the projects. As some of the employees would not be assigned to any of the projects, they will be idle and this process is called being on Bench. During the bad economic times and recession they will terminate the employment of those who are not assigned to any of the send out the persons who were not assigned with any of the projects. The job of a person in the MNCs is not safe. But that person is provided with the huge salary. Technical up gradation: Most of the people in the software firm fail to update themselves with the software field needs updating frequently. Without the up gradation of knowledge no one can survive in the field. Since it is the emerging domain, employees have to keep themselves well prepared. The firms will keep on training the persons with new technology and keep on appraising on the basis of their knowledge. The persons showing poor result during the appraisals would be de-promoted or thrown out of the firm at any time. So, unless and until the employees keep themselves updated with the growing needs, their jobs are in danger. Inadequate Time span: The employees are getting less time to finish their projects and the companies are looking for cutting the unwanted cost and to gain more. The employees are stressed more to accomplish the tasks. So the software engineers are expected to put more hours to work which not only affects the potential of the individuals but also the work-life balance of ones life. Lack of training: Most of the people in the software firm are not getting enough training when they are placing them in new project with new technology. They are supposed to learn all those sort of new technologies by themselves. So their work will not have perfection. High stress: It is not the kind of job for the people who are not capable for solving their solving their stress. Because the software domain jobs are highly payable, it also produces more stress in you than other jobs. People work on their computers for longer periods of time without any movement around and cannot be felt relieved from stress. Though the entities are concentrating on the stress management programs, employees are not able to find value in them, as at the end of the day the project work is your first responsibility. Recommendations for effective Management for the above discussed problems: (6) Developing effective management skills to deal with specific challenges and problems of each organization is the urgent needs of many businesses and organizations in the global competitive environment, rapid changing of technology and environment. The new tendency of training and development of successful organizations over the world today is developing effective skills in dealing with specific challenge of their own organization to reach their own mission and objectives in the new organization that characterized by networked, flat, flexible, diverse, global organization. An effective management should have the following skills. Creative Problem Solving Skills: This includes identifying the cause of the problem, analyzing the problem and developing and implementing a creative and sensible approach for the problem Communication Skills: The effective communication should ideally include listening, presentation and report writing skills where the employees should be provided adequate training and awareness on. Conflict Management Skills: Management should capable of identifying any sources of conflict, understanding the style of conflict resolution and should be able to choose the best strategy for dealing the conflict Self-Awareness and Improvement: The management should emphasize on the concept of self-management and the effectiveness of self-management. This can be done by developing a holistic thinking and understanding the emotions in the work place of the employees Traditional versus Contemporary Organizational structure and Culture: (7) Traditional organizations emphasize a strict division of labor, top-down decision-making, and extensive rules and procedures where as on the other hand the contemporary design flattens the traditional pyramid structure, facilitates the flow of information to all parts of the organization and reduces response time to external and internal demands. It is to be noted that the traditional organization is a pyramid with a president at the top, a few vice presidents, and layers of management and the majority of employees at the bottom. Jobs are specialized, and information and authority flow from higher to lower levels. Wipro Technologies has been following the traditional organizational structure when it has first started with the production of sunflower oil and laundry soaps, until it entered the IT market. However, as the times passed by, due to the expansion of the firm in to global market with a variety of services, it chose to follow the modern organizational structure to grow as per the industry standards. In the modern times, especially for an organization like Wipro where it has emerged in to the global markets, the contemporary or the modern organizational structure suits the best as it is in par with the changing times. Conclusion: Thus, it is very evident that all the organizational and management theories put forward are to help the organizations to be successful in terms of their individual employees, groups, management and environmental changes. The organizations choose the type of organizational structure to be followed, either modern or traditional depending on the vision, industry and the market approach of the firm. It is no be noted that the individual employees contribute to the major part of the firms success and therefore the management should always bear in mind the human relations and team dynamics with in the organization while effectively managing the groups.

Should Women Participate in Politics

Do you agree or disagree that women should participate in politics? Opinion Essay Whether the women should participate in politics or not is debatable. We see that at the turn of the 21st century, almost every country in the world provides the right for women to participate in politics. Women make up half of the population of every country in the world, they can vote and support candidates. But despite of these facts, they are not well represented in politics, in contrast to men.As Amon Karagara (2008) mentioned â€Å"The worldwide average percentage of women in national parliaments is only 16%†. It is often said that women face more difficulties than men in politics. As well as politics shows the fact of predominance of men, it also includes some problems to women with health, the difficulty of creating a strong family and even life-threatening. The first reason why women should not participate in politics is taking care of their health, because stress that they experience fr om taking part in politics supports a variety of diseases.It is true that women are tempted to crying. The Health Magazine agrees with this point, saying, â€Å"In women, the part of the brain that deals with stress is linked to the area that controls hormones, which is not the case in men. That means that women tend to exhibit more physical symptoms from stress than men†. Also women stand political pressures harder. Stress affects every bodily system or body part. So, participation in politics is actually bad for a women health. Another reason related to difficulties of creation a family.We know that the most significant professions for women are wifehood and motherhood. If woman becomes a politician, she will have some difficulties with creating a good family. Every year politicians leave their children because of business trips. Some of them move their families with them to different places, but it is very hard for children to change atmosphere too often, and also it inter feres with their learning. We all know that motherhood is a wonder with a lot of joys and challenges.And the role of women is confined to dedicate most of their energy to parenting and taking care of the home. Another reason related to difficulties of creation a family. Every year politicians leave their children because of business trips. Some of them move their families with them to different places, but it is very hard for children to change atmosphere too often, and also it interferes with their learning. From my point of view, the most significant professions for women are wifehood and motherhood.If woman becomes a politician, she will have some difficulties with creating a good family. We all know that motherhood is a wonder with a lot of joys and challenges. And the role of women is confined to dedicate most of their energy to parenting and taking care of the home. The last reason for women not to be a politician is danger for their lives. There are a lot of sudden attacks fo r political reasons. In the modern world, the killing of important people involves with struggle for power. Most modern murders have been committed either during a public performance because of weaker security.So, to consider all these things, a lot of women have come a long way into a male dominated world but it isn't right because firstly the woman must be woman. Modern women are beginning to become politicians, directors in business companies. But what comes to mind when we think about the word â€Å"politics†? The popular political figures who are mostly male. Nowadays, some women compete for men in positions that were traditionally for men. Nevertheless, the best women's purpose is motherhood. The best thing a girl can be is a good wife and mother.